• I, Toaster and The Economies of Production

    Doing away with the division of labour and most other economies of production, Thomas Thwaites’ Toaster Project is an experiment to “build a toaster, from scratch—beginning by mining the raw materials and ending with a product that Argos sells for only £3.99”.

    Many have mentioned this already (Jason Kottke, Tyler Cowen on Margin Revolution, Radley Balko on Reason), but my favourite commentary on the project comes from The Financial Times’ Tim Harford:

    The modern market economy is mind-bogglingly complex, producing billions of products, many vastly more complex than a toaster. The complexity of the society we have created for ourselves surrounds us so completely that, instead of being dizzied, we tend to take it for granted.

    Yet as we celebrate our good fortune to be born at a time of such astonishing material wealth, the toaster should give us pause for thought. It is a symbol of the sophistication of our world, but also a symbol of the obstacles that lie in wait for those who want to change it. Whether attempting to deal with climate change, social deprivation, economic development or healthcare, improving faults in such a complex system is a task best approached with humility.

    I believe it is obligatory at this point to mention Leonard Read‘s 1958 essay, I, Pencil?

  • Exporting Poor Work Environments

    After a long time of successfully managing to avoid the blog, I eventually clicked this past week when I was sent Fake Steve Jobs’ reaction to the news that an employee of Foxconn, one of Apple’s Chinese ‘manufacturing partners’, committed suicide shortly after reporting a missing iPhone v4 prototype.

    We can’t make these products in the United States. Nobody could afford to buy them if we did. And, frankly, the quality would be about half what we get out of China. […]

    We all know that there’s no fucking way in the world we should have microwave ovens and refrigerators and TV sets and everything else at the prices we’re paying for them. There’s no way we get all this stuff and everything is done fair and square and everyone gets treated right. No way. And don’t be confused—what we’re talking about here is our way of life. Our standard of living. You want to “fix things in China,” well, it’s gonna cost you. Because everything you own, it’s all done on the backs of millions of poor people whose lives are so awful you can’t even begin to imagine them, people who will do anything to get a life that is a tiny bit better than the shitty one they were born into, people who get exploited and treated like shit and, in the worst of all cases, pay with their lives.

    You know that, and I know that. Okay? Let’s just be honest here.

    It reminds me somewhat of Jared Diamond’s Collapse, specifically where he discusses how “[China and Japan conserve their] own forests by exporting deforestation to other countries, several of which (including Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and Australia) have already reached or are on the road to catastrophic deforestation” (emphasis mine).

    Now, are first world countries like the U.S. and those of Western Europe not just exporting poor work environment standards to the second world countries of Indonesia, Malaysia and China (as a consequence of large-scale, inexpensive manufacturing that we no longer can/want to undertake)?

  • The Ideal Creative Workspace

    Jonah Lehrer suggests that the ideal creative workplace is “a room with blue walls that feels very far away and is filled with references to foreign countries”. Why would these three conditions be conducive to creativity?

    Colours can influence how we think (in one experiment, red backgrounds were found to make participants more accurate, while blue backgrounds drew out creativity).

    The linkage of red and accuracy makes some intuitive sense, since people tend to associate red (stop signs, the color of blood, etc.) with danger and caution. But why would blue make us more creative? […] It turns out moments of creative insight are best achieved when people are in a relaxed, peaceful state of mind.

    Psychological distance (thinking something is further away) makes us more likely to solve difficult problems creatively.

    According to [construal level theory (CLT)], psychological distance affects the way we mentally represent things, so that distant things are represented in a relatively abstract way while psychologically near things seem more concrete. […] Abstract thinking makes it easier for people to form surprising connections between seemingly unrelated concepts.

    Living abroad increases creativity (previously).

    First, living abroad can allow individuals access to a greater number of novel ideas and concepts, which can then act as inputs for the creative process. Second, living abroad may allow people to approach problems from different perspectives. […] Third, experiences in foreign cultures can increase the psychological readiness to accept and recruit ideas from unfamiliar sources, thus facilitating the processes of unconscious idea recombination.

  • The 12 Core Human Skills

    Elaborating on a concept from one of my favourite posts written by Dilbert creator Scott Adams (career advice: either “become the best at one specific thing” or “become very good (top 25%) at two or more things”), Josh Kaufman of Personal MBA suggests the 12 core human skills that we should strive to become very good at (top 25%) if we wish to succeed.

    • Information-Assimilation
    • Writing
    • Speaking
    • Mathematics
    • Decision-Making
    • Rapport
    • Conflict-Resolution
    • Scenario-Generation
    • Planning
    • Self-Awareness
    • Interrelation
    • Skill Acquisition

    As Josh says, “take a moment to imagine all of the things you’d be able to accomplish if you improved your skills to the point where you ranked in the top 25% of the human population in each of these areas”.

  • The Principles of Edward Tufte

    The problem: “presenting large amounts of information in a way that is compact, accurate, adequate for the purpose, and easy to understand”.

    The solution: Edward Tufte (actually, the solution is “to develop a consistent approach to the display of graphics which enhances its dissemination, accuracy, and ease of comprehension”… but that’s not as catchy).

    Yes, it’s an article outlining Edward Tufte’s “work on the  use of graphics to display quantitative information”, as gleaned from his three books: The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Visual Explanations, and Envisioning Information.

  • Making Graphs That Work

    Seth Godin offers some advice on creating quality, legible, graphs.  Short and sweet.

    • Don’t let popular spreadsheets be in charge of the way you look.
    • Tell a story. The only 4 stories permissible:
      • Things are going great, look!
      • Things are a disaster, help!
      • Nothing much is happening.
      • We need to work together to figure out what the data means.
    • Follow some simple rules:
      • Time on the bottom, from left to right
      • Good results go up on the Y axis.
      • Don’t connect unrelated events.
      • Pie charts are spectacularly overrated.
    • Break some other rules (but not too many)

    Seth’s written previously on this topic, specifically to proclaim the three laws of great graphs (one story, no bar charts, movement) and then later to defend his position on bar graphs and pie charts.

    As Dan says, “It’s not exactly Tufte, but it covers the basics”.

  • The Negative Effect of Positive Thinking

    An entire industry has been created and thrives based solely on the theories of positive psychology: self affirmations help to motivate, we are told, and they may even help those with low self-esteem build their confidence.

    Now research is starting to show the opposite: that self affirmations (or ‘positive self-statements’) have a negative effect on those with low self-esteem.

    Dr Wood suggests that positive self-statements cause negative moods in people with low self-esteem because they conflict with those people’s views of themselves. When positive self-statements strongly conflict with self-perception, she argues, there is not mere resistance but a reinforcing of self-perception. People who view themselves as unlovable find saying that they are so unbelievable that it strengthens their own negative view rather than reversing it. Given that many readers of self-help books that encourage positive self-statements are likely to suffer from low self-esteem, they may be worse than useless.

    via Mind Hacks

  • Developing a Web App on a Shoestring Budget

    As the title suggests—and the tips prove—this brief guide to getting a web app up-and-running on a small budget requires, well, a budget (as opposed to no budget and doing it all yourself). The steps:

    • Create a clear wireframe model
    • Outsource the development
    • Use an open source content management system
    • Start a design contest
    • Leverage the cloud

    There are a couple of good resources to be found in the guide, but it’s worth doing your own research first, too. I say this mainly because design contests are quite a contentious issue.

  • Books to Ignore

    Like timesink productivity websites, books written purely to instruct us what books to read are inherently counterproductive.  The Second Pass does the opposite, producing a list of ten ‘classic’ books not to read.

    • White Noise by Don DeLillo
    • Absalom, Absalom by William Faulkner
    • One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez
    • The Road by Cormac McCarthy
    • The Rainbow by D. H. Lawrence
    • On the Road by Jack Kerouac
    • The Corrections by Jonathan Franzen
    • The USA Trilogy by John Dos Passos
    • Jacob’s Room by Virginia Woolf
    • A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

    I can hear the arguments brewing as I type, so head to The Second Pass to see the reasons why each was chosen.

    via The Browser

  • Alcohol in Moderation: Not So Good, Maybe

    Moderate alcohol intake has long been lauded as an ingredient of the healthy lifestyle; being good for your heart and your longevity.

    According to a growing number of vocal psychologists, however, studies showing health benefits from moderate alcohol consumption are purely correlatory and any advice coming from them should be taken with caution.

    From an epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:

    The bottom line is there has not been a single study done on moderate alcohol consumption and mortality outcomes that is a ‘gold standard’ kind of study — the kind of randomized controlled clinical trial that we would be required to have in order to approve a new pharmaceutical agent in this country.

    [Moderate drinkers and abstainers] are so different that they simply cannot be compared. Moderate drinkers are healthier, wealthier and more educated, and they get better health care, even though they are more likely to smoke. They are even more likely to have all of their teeth, a marker of well-being.

    In fact, even the original researcher whose “landmark study [found] that members of the Kaiser Permanente health care plan who drank in moderation were less likely to be hospitalized for heart attacks than abstainers” has since discovered that even moderate alcohol consumption may increase hypertension.